Medial patellar ligament reconstruction in combination with derotational distal femoral osteotomy for treating recurrent patellar dislocation in the presence of increased femoral anteversion: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Medial patellar ligament reconstruction (MPFL-R) in combination with derotational distal femoral osteotomy (DDFO) for treating recurrent patellar dislocation (RPD) in the presence of increased femoral anteversion is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques in the current clinical practice. However, there are limited studies on the clinical outcomes of MPFL-R in combination with DDFO to treat RPD in the presence of increased femoral anteversion. PURPOSE: To study the role of MPFL-R in combination with DDFO in the treatment of RPD in the presence of increased femoral anteversion. METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines by searching the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases through June 1, 2023. Studies of patients who received MPFL-R in combination with DDFO after presenting with RPD and increased femoral anteversion were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the MINORS (Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies) score. Each study's basic characteristics, including characteristic information, radiological parameters, surgical techniques, patient-reported outcomes, and complications, were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies with 231 patients (236 knees) were included. Sample sizes ranged from 12 to 162 patients, and the majority of the patients were female (range, 67-100%). The mean age and follow-up ranges were 18 to 24 years and 16 to 49 months, respectively. The mean femoral anteversion decreased significantly from 34° preoperatively to 12° postoperatively. In studies reporting preoperative and postoperative outcomes, significant improvements were found in the Lysholm score, Kujala score, International Knee Documentation Committee score, and visual analog scale for pain. Postoperative complications were reported in all studies, with an overall reported complication rate of 4.7%, but no redislocations occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: For RPD with increased femoral anteversion, MPFL-R in combination with DDFO leads to a good clinical outcome and a low redislocation rate. However, there was no consensus among researchers on the indications for MPFL-R combined with DDFO in the treatment of RPD.

CRISPR/Cas9 systems: Delivery technologies and biomedical applications.

The emergence of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome-editing system has brought about a significant revolution in the realm of managing human diseases, establishing animal models, and so on. To fully harness the potential of this potent gene-editing tool, ensuring efficient and secure delivery to the target site is paramount. Consequently, developing effective delivery methods for the CRISPR/Cas9 system has become a critical area of research. In this review, we present a comprehensive outline of delivery strategies and discuss their biomedical applications in the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We also provide an in-depth analysis of physical, viral vector, and non-viral vector delivery strategies, including plasmid-, mRNA- and protein-based approach. In addition, we illustrate the biomedical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This review highlights the key factors affecting the delivery process and the current challenges facing the CRISPR/Cas9 system, while also delineating future directions and prospects that could inspire innovative delivery strategies. This review aims to provide new insights and ideas for advancing CRISPR/Cas9-based delivery strategies and to facilitate breakthroughs in biomedical research and therapeutic applications.

Cellular organelles as drug carriers for disease treatment.

Organelles not only constitute the basic structure of the cell but also are important in maintaining the normal physiological activities of the cell. With the development of biomimetic nanoscience, researchers have developed technologies to use organelles as drug carriers for disease treatment. Compared with traditional drug carriers, organelle drug carriers have the advantages of good biocompatibility, high drug loading efficiency, and modifiability, and the surface biomarkers of organelles can also participate in intracellular signal transduction to enhance intracellular and intercellular communication, and assist in enhancing the therapeutic effect of drugs. Among different types of organelles, extracellular vesicles, lipid droplets, lysosomes, and mitochondria have been used as drug carriers. This review briefly reviews the biogenesis, isolation methods, and drug-loading methods of four types of organelles, and systematically summarizes the research progress in using organelles as drug-delivery systems for disease treatment. Finally, the challenges faced by organelle-based drug delivery systems are discussed. Although the organelle-based drug delivery systems still face challenges before they can achieve clinical translation, they offer a new direction and vision for the development of next-generation drug carriers.

In situ stimulus-responsive self-assembled nanomaterials for drug delivery and disease treatment.

The individual motifs that respond to specific stimuli for the self-assembly of nanomaterials play important roles. In situ constructed nanomaterials are formed spontaneously without human intervention and have promising applications in bioscience. However, due to the complex physiological environment of the human body, designing stimulus-responsive self-assembled nanomaterials in vivo is a challenging problem for researchers. In this article, we discuss the self-assembly principles of various nanomaterials in response to the tissue microenvironment, cell membrane, and intracellular stimuli. We propose the applications and advantages of in situ self-assembly in drug delivery and disease diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on in situ self-assembly at the lesion site, especially in cancer. Additionally, we introduce the significance of introducing exogenous stimulation to construct self-assembly in vivo. Based on this foundation, we put forward the prospects and possible challenges in the field of in situ self-assembly. This review uncovers the relationship between the structure and properties of in situ self-assembled nanomaterials and provides new ideas for innovative drug molecular design and development to solve the problems in the targeted delivery and precision medicine.

Quantitative ubiquitylome crosstalk with proteome analysis revealed cytoskeleton proteins influence CLas pathogen infection in Diaphorina citri.

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, is caused by Candidatus Liberbacter asiaticus (CLas) and transmitted by Diaphorina citri. Previous studies reported that CLas infection significantly influences the structure of the D. citri cytoskeleton. However, the mechanisms through which CLas manipulates cytoskeleton-related proteins remain unclear. In this study, we performed quantitative ubiquitylome crosstalk with the proteome to reveal the roles of cytoskeleton-related proteins during the infection of D. citri by CLas. Western blotting revealed a significant difference in ubiquitination levels between the CLas-free and CLas-infected groups. According to ubiquitylome and 4D label-free proteome analysis, 343 quantified lysine ubiquitination (Kub) sites and 666 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in CLas-infected groups compared with CLas-free groups. A total of 53 sites in 51 DEPs were upregulated, while 290 sites in 192 DEPs were downregulated. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis indicated that 18 DEPs and 21 lysine ubiquitinated proteins were associated with the cytoskeleton, showing an obvious interaction. Ubiquitination of D. citri tropomyosin was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and LC-MS/MS. RNAi-mediated knockdown of tropomyosin significantly increased CLas bacterial content in D. citri. In summary, we provided the most comprehensive lysine ubiquitinome analysis of the D. citri response to CLas infection, thus furthering our understanding of the role of the ubiquitination of cytoskeleton proteins in CLas infection.

The expression and clinical significance of miR-1226 in patients with periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: miR-1226 has been reported to be dysregulated in periodontitis, implying its potential functional role, which needs to be validated. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical significance of miR-1226 in periodontitis. METHODS: Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 50 healthy volunteers and 72 periodontitis patients. The expression of miR-1226 in collected samples was detected by RT-qPCR. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. The relationship of miR-1226 expression level with patients' characteristics was evaluated by the χ2 test and the Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: It was found that miR-1226 was downregulated in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients compared with healthy volunteers. The downregulation of miR-1226 was negatively correlated with the pocket depth, attachment loss, plaque index, bleeding index, and MMP-8 concentration of patients. miR-1226 showed high sensitivity and specificity to discriminate periodontitis patients from healthy volunteers. Additionally, periodontitis patients had a relatively high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is correlated with miR-1226 expression negatively. CONCLUSIONS: miR-1226 could be an indicator for the diagnosis of periodontitis and has the potential to predict the development and severity of periodontitis.

Phylogenetic relationship and characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Cheilomenes sexmaculata is a common natural enemy for aphid and psyllid in agricultural systems in South China. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. sexmaculata. This mitogenome was 17,297 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). Gene order was conserved and identical to most other previously sequenced Coccinellidae. All PCGs of C. sexmaculata have the conventional start codon for invertebrate mitochondrial PCGs (ATN), with the exception of cox1 (AAT) and nad3 (TTG). Except for seven genes (cox1, cox2, cox3, nad3, nad5, nad4 and nad6) end with the incomplete stop codon T-, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA or TAG. The whole mitogenome exhibited heavy AT nucleotide bias (78.0%). Phylogenetic analysis positioned C. sexmaculata in a well-supported clade with Aiolocaria hexaspilota. The relationships (Sticholotidinae + (Coccinellinae + (Scymninae + Epilachninae))) were supported in Coccinellidae, and Halyziini was paraphyletic to Coccinellini within Coccinellinae.

Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association with the Risk of Developing Peri-Implantitis in Chinese Han Population.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the role of chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) gene polymorphisms in peri-implantitis susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 260 individuals were included in this study, including 127 peri-implantitis patients and 133 healthy implants. CXCR2 gene rs2230054 and rs1126580 polymorphisms in different groups were analyzed by the Chi-square test. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were employed to evaluate the association between CXCR2 polymorphism and peri-implantitis susceptibility. RESULTS: The CT genotype of rs2230054 and the AG genotype and G allele of rs1126580 significantly increased in peri-implantitis patients compared with healthy implants (P < 0.05). The CT genotype of rs2230054 (OR = 1.825, 95% CI = 1.028-3.239) and the AG genotype of rs1126580 (OR = 2.223, 95% CI 1.272-3.885) carriers had a high risk to infect with peri-implantitis. Additionally, these CXCR2 gene polymorphisms have been revealed to be associated with the periodontal status of peri-implantitis patients. CONCLUSION: The CXCR2 gene rs2230054 and rs1126580 polymorphisms were associated with the peri-implantitis susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. The CT genotype of rs2230054 and the AG genotype and G allele of rs1126580 serve as risk factors for the occurrence of peri-implantitis.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Neurothemis fulvia (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae).

Neurothemis fulvia is a dragonfly of wet forests and usually perches on fallen logs and shrubs. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of N. fulvia. This mitogenome was 15,459 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was biased toward A and T, with 70.5% of A + T content (A 38.8%, T 31.7%, C 16.6%, and G 12.9%). Gene order was conserved and identical to most other previously sequenced Libellulidae dragonflies. Most PCGs of N. fulvia have the conventional start codons ATN (six ATG, three ATT, and two ATC), with the exception of cox1 and nad1 (TTG). Except for four PCGs (cox1, cox2, cox3, and nad5) end with the incomplete stop codon T--, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA or TAG. Phylogenetic analysis showed that N. fulvia got together with Tramea virginia with high support value. Libellulidae had a close relationship with Corduliidae, the relationships ((Hydrobasileus + Brachythemis) + (Orthetrum + (Acisoma + (Neurothemis + Tramea)))) were supported in Libellulidae.

Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of Nirvanini and Evacanthini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) reveals an explicit evolutionary relationship.

Mitogenomes of five leafhopper species, Chudania hellerina and Concaveplana rufolineata in Nirvanini, Carinata rufipenna, Evacanthus danmainus and E. heimianus representing Evacanthini, were sequenced. The lengths of these five mitogenomes range from 15,044 (C. hellerina) to 15,680 bp (E. heimianus). All five mitogenomes exhibit similar base composition, gene size and codon usage of protein-coding genes. All 22 tRNA genes have typical cloverleaf secondary structures, except for trnS1 (AGN) which appears to lack the dihydrouridine arm. The two included Nirvanini species employ the anticodon TCT instead of the commonly used GCT in trnS1 (AGN). Genes nad2, atp8 and nad6 were highly variable while cox1 and cob showed the lowest nucleotide diversity. Phylogenetic analyses of two concatenated nucleotide datasets, incorporating the newly sequenced taxa and other available membracoid mitogenomes, recovered each included leafhopper subfamily as monophyletic with evacanthine tribes Nirvanini and Evacanthini forming monophyletic sister clades. A relationship among Evacanthinae, Cicadellinae and Typhlocybinae received moderate branch support.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Pseudothemis zonata (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae).

Pseudothemis zonata is a commonly seen dragonfly with a big yellow or white ringlike spot on the third and fourth segments of its abdomen. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of P. zonata. This mitogenome was 15,434 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). Gene order was conserved and identical to most other previously sequenced Libellulidae dragonflies. The whole mitogenome exhibited heavy AT nucleotide bias (74.6%). Most PCGs of P. zonata have the conventional start codons ATN (six ATG, three ATT, and two ATC), with the exception of cox1 and nad1 (TTG). Except for four genes (cox1, cox2, cox3, and nad5) end with the incomplete stop codon T-, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA or TAG. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. zonata got together with Brachythemis contaminata with high support value, and the relationships ((Brachythemis + Psolodesmus) + ((Hydrobasileus + Trigomphus) + (Orthetrum + Acisoma))) were supported in Libellulidae.

Mitochondrial genome of Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea: Cerambycidae) and phylogenetic analysis.

The red-necked longhorn beetle Aromia bungii is a major pest of peach orchards. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. bungi,i. This mitogenome was 15,760 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). Gene order was conserved and identical to most other previously sequenced Cerambycidae. Most PCGs of A. bungii have the conventional start codons ATN (six ATT, five ATG and one ATC), with the exception of nad1 (TTG). Except for three genes (cox1, cox2 and nad5) end with the incomplete stop codon T-, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA or TAG. The whole mitogenome exhibited heavy AT nucleotide bias (74.3%). Phylogenetic analysis positioned A. bungii in a well-supported clade within the subfamily Cerambycinae with Xystrocera globosa (tribe Xystrocerini). These results support the currently accepted taxonomy and provide a better understanding of the phylogenetic analysis of the Cerambycidae.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Anax parthenope (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) and phylogenetic analysis.

Anax parthenope (Odonata: Aeshnidae) is a big dragonfly which can be seen patrolling around ponds, lakes and other still water. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. parthenope. This mitogenome was 15,366 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was biased toward A and T, with 74.8% of A + T content (A 40.1%, T 34.7%, C 14.0%, G 11.2%). Gene order was conserved and identical to most other previously sequenced Aeshnidae dragonflies. Most PCGs of A. parthenope have the conventional start codons ATN (six ATG, three ATT, and two ATC), with the exception of cox1 and nad1 (TTG). Except for three genes (cox1, cox2, and nad5) end with the incomplete stop codon T--, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. parthenope is sister to Anax imperator with high support value. All 15 Anisoptera species constituted a major clade with well support, and Aeshnidae had a close relationship with Gomphidae and Libellulidae.

Integrated transcriptome sequencing and RNA interference reveals molecular changes in Diaphorina citri after exposure to validamycin.

Validamycin has been widely used as a specific competitive inhibitor of trehalase. In our previous research, validamycin significantly inhibited trehalase activity and chitin synthesis in Diaphorina citri, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. However, the mechanism of validamycin's action on D. citri remains unclear. Here, using a comparative transcriptome analysis, 464 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in D. citri were identified after validamycin treatment. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in "small molecule process", "structural molecule activity" and "transition metal ion binding". DEGs involved in chitin metabolism, cuticle synthesis and insecticide detoxification were validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The RNA interference of D. citri chitinase-like protein ENO3 and D. citri cuticle protein 7 genes significantly affected D. citri molting. Moreover, the recombinant chitinase-like protein ENO3 exhibited a chitin-binding property, and an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis. This study provides a first insight into the molecular changes in D. citri after exposure to validamycin and identifies two effective RNA interference targets for D. citri control.

Region-Wide Comprehensive Implementation of Roguing Infected Trees, Tree Replacement, and Insecticide Applications Successfully Controls Citrus Huanglongbing.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease worldwide. A three-pronged approach to controlling HLB has been suggested, namely, removal of HLB-symptomatic trees, psyllid control, and replacement with HLB-free trees. However, such a strategy did not lead to successful HLB control in many citrus-producing regions, such as Florida. We hypothesize that this is because of the small-scale or incomprehensive implementation of the program; conversely, a comprehensive implementation of such a strategy at the regional level can successfully control HLB. To test our hypothesis, we investigated the effects of region-wide comprehensive implementation of this scheme to control HLB in Gannan region, China, with a total planted citrus acreage of over 110,000 ha from 2013 to 2019. With the region-wide implementation of comprehensive HLB management, the overall HLB incidence in Gannan decreased from 19.71% in 2014 to 3.86% in 2019. A partial implementation of such a program (without a comprehensive inoculum removal) at the regional level in Brazil resulted in HLB incidence increasing from 1.89% in 2010 to 19.02% in 2019. Using dynamic regression model analyses with data from both Brazil and China, we constructed a model to predict HLB incidence when all three components were applied at 100%. It was predicated that in a region-wide comprehensive implementation of such a program, HLB incidence would be controlled to a level of less than 1%. We conducted economic feasibility analyses and showed that average net profits were positive for groves that implemented the comprehensive strategy, but groves that did not implement it had negative net profits over a 10-year period. Overall, the key for the three-pronged program to successfully control HLB is the large scale (region-wide) and comprehensiveness in implementation. This study provides valuable information to control HLB and other economically important endemic diseases worldwide.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Macrosteles quadrimaculatus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with a shared tRNA rearrangement and its phylogenetic implications.

Comparative studies of leafhopper mitochondrial genomes suggest that genome rearrangements are very rare in these insects but that nucleotide sequences are informative of phylogenetic relationships at various levels of divergence. A recent study reported that tRNA cluster trnW-trnC-trnY is rearranged to trnC-trnW-trnY in the Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, an economically important North American species. The complete mitochondrial genome of the East Asian species, Macrosteles quadrimaculatus, sequenced and annotated here for the first time, reveals that this species shares the same tRNA rearrangement, suggesting it is a genus-level trait. The entire mitogenome of M. quadrimaculatus is a circular molecule 15,734 bp in size comprising 37 genes and one control region, which is similar to other studied hemipteran mitogenomes. The whole mitogenome sequence shows heavily A + T biased nucleotide composition (77.7%) and moderately positive AT-skews (0.120). Except for the nad5 gene which starts with TTG and ends with incomplete codon T, all protein-coding genes begin with ATN codons and terminate with TAA. All tRNA genes have typical cloverleaf secondary structures, except for trnS1, in which dihydrouridine (DHU) stem is simplified to form a loop structure. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence datasets recovered Macrosteles as monophyletic and sister to the rest of Deltocephalinae.

Mitochondrial genome of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) and phylogenetic analysis.

Tamarixia radiata plays an important role in biological control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vector of the huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of T. radiata, the first mitogenome of species in the family Eulophidae. This mitogenome was 14,752 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). All 13 PCGs were initiated by the ATN (ATG, ATT, and ATA) codon. Twelve PCGs terminate with the stop codon TAA or TAG except for nad1 which end with the incomplete codon T-. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. radiata got together with three Pteromalidae species, indicating the close relationship of Eulophidae and Pteromalidae.

Mitochondrial genome of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) and phylogenetic analysis.

Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis is an important natural enemy of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a vector of the huanglongbing (HLB). Here, we sequenced and annotated the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of D. aligarhensis. This mitogenome was 16,264 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). All 13 PCGs were initiated by the ATN (ATG, ATT, ATA, and ATC) codon. All PCGs terminate with the stop codon TAA except for cox2 and nad1 which end with the incomplete codon T-. Phylogenetic analysis showed that D. aligarhensis got together with the same family species Encyrtus infelix, and Encyrtidae had a close relationship with Agaonidae.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Aphis spiraecola is an important pest of citrus and transmits a number of plant viruses. Here, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. spiraecola. This mitogenome was 15,465 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). Gene order was conserved and identical to that of Drosophila yakuba and to most other previously sequenced Aphididae. The whole mitogenome exhibited heavy AT nucleotide bias (81.8%). All 13 PCGs were initiated by the ATN (ATG, ATT and ATA) codon. Except for cox1 and nad4 which end with the incomplete codon T-, all PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. spiraecola got together with the same genus species Aphis gossypii and Aphis craccivora with high support value, and Aphis had a close relationship with Schizaphis and Rhopalosiphum.